Occupational exposure to toxic metals at recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Characterisation of the different exposure routes and their importance for the internal dose.

Research problem and specific questionsThe purpose of the project is to characterize and quantify skin exposure to allergenic, irritant, toxic and carcinogenic metals during large-scale recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LiB).

We will measure the concentrations of lithium, manganese, cobalt and nickel on and in the skin at different stages of the recycling process for LiB.

Furthermore, we will study the relationship between the metals in urine and blood and the different exposure routes (skin and inhalation).

We will also investigate health-related disease and hand eczema among workers within LiB recycling.Data and methodWe intend to recruit 100 participants including 30 controls for inclusion in the study.

All measurements will be performed Skin wipes and repeated tape stripping of defined dermal areas, with following chemical analysis will yield a measure of concentration of metals on and in the skin. Using personal measurement of inhalable dust, knowledge on inhalation exposure is gained. By analysing metal content in urine and blood samples, we obtain measurements of the internal dose of metals.

These data can then be modelled using statistical methods and exposure models to estimate how different routes of exposure contribute to internal dose.

In connection with the sampling before and after the work shift, the participants will answer questions about the status of the skin and whether they have ever had hand eczema.Social relevance and utilisationElectrification of the transport sector and requirements for recycled material in LiB production have created a demand for specialised recycling.

However, LiB contains several harmful substances.

Therefore, it is important to develop new, specific knowledge about exposure, enabling adequate risk assessment and prioritization of preventive efforts already at the start-up phase of the new facilities that are being built in Sweden.

This will enable us to identify safe working practices ensuring workers’ health.Plan for project realisation This project will be carried out at an established recycling company, which will open its new facility for LiB recycling at the Swedish west coast during spring 2024. Within the project, we will carry out occupational measurements during year 1 and year 2.

In year 3, the results will be processed together with the company to enable implementation of routines that will lead to reduced exposure and a good work environment.