Cumulative impacts of multiple stressors: improving temporal and biological realism

In our changing world there is an increasing urgency to understand interactions among multiple environmental stressors, such as pollution and warming.

Much of the concern surrounding multiple stressors is due to their potential to interact, creating more severe impacts than they would do independently.

Freshwater ecosystems are particularly vulnerable and freshwater biodiversity is the most threatened across the globe: a recent report estimated average population declines of >80% among freshwater vertebrate species compared to