Rhes-SUMO Pathway in Huntington disease

Project summary of the funded parent award Huntington disease (HD) is a slowly progressing genetic disorder caused by an expansion of glutamine repeats in the huntingtin protein (wtHTT), leading to mutant HTT (mHTT) that is widely expressed throughout the brain and peripheral tissues. Despite this ubiquitous expression, mHTT shows regional effects by promoting

degeneration of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum and loss of cortical mass. With aging, the effects spread to other brain areas (1-5). The molecular basis for the regional specificity that encompasses many mHTT processes is unclear; thus, etiology-based therapies for this devastating disease remain elusive. To fill this

knowledge gap, we will test the hypothesis that Ras-homolog enriched in the striatum (Rhes) and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-1 signaling circuitry orchestrate striatal vulnerability and HD progression. This hypothesis is based on our prior finding that Rhes promotes SUMO-1 modification of mHTT (SUMO1–

mHTT) and enhances soluble forms SUMO1–mHTT, leading to toxicity in cell and transgenic animal models of HD (6-14). However, the downstream mechanisms of the Rhes–SUMO1–mHTT pathway in HD remain obscure. Serendipitously, we found that Rhes promotes the formation of actin-containing membrane protrusions

known as tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) and that Rhes is transported through TNTs to distant cells (15). Rhes also transports mHTT, but not wtHTT, via the TNTs that form between cultured cells. This intercellular transport requires post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as the farnesylation of Rhes and SUMOylation of mHTT,

revealing a new role for the Rhes–SUMO1 pathway in mHTT transmission (15). We now demonstrate that Rhes can move between MSNs and spread mHTT in vivo. We tested using cell-type specific reporter mice, Flex (“Cre- On”) and bicistronic viral vectors, and organotypic brain slices and found that Rhes moves from D1R-MSNs to

D2R-MSNs and potentiates mHTT spread from the striatum to the cortex in the brain (16). These results indicate that Rhes is a major driver of mHTT transport, both in vitro and in vivo. We also found that SUMO1 deletion diminishes mHTT protein levels and prevents the HD-like phenotype by upregulating autophagic activity in

animal (Q175DN) and cellular HD models (17). Taken together, these new results indicate that the Rhes- SUMO1 pathway alters mHTT levels and promotes mHTT spread in the brain. However, the mechanisms of mHTT spread remain unknown. Therefore, uncovering the mechanisms that enable Rhes to spread mHTT and the in vivo neuropathological role of spread remain essential areas to address. Our preliminary data suggest

that SUMO1 regulates striatal mTORC1 signaling, a major regulator of autophagy, in Q175DN mice. Defining whether or how SUMO1 contributes to mHTT spread in vivo and its role autophagy dysregulation is therefore critical both for modeling the disease progression and for drug discovery. Our specific aims in this project are:

Aim 1. To uncover the role and mechanisms of Rhes-mediated mHTT spreading in the brain. We found that Rhes moves and spreads mHTT between neurons in vivo. We hypothesize that Rhes spreads mHTT and promotes neuropathology involving PTM mechanisms and TNT-like routes. We will employ bicistronic and Cre-On PTM defective mHTT and Rhes expression vectors to investigate mHTT spreading, HD-like behavior,

and neuropathology in vivo. We will use MSNs and glial reporter mice to determine if Rhes can transport mHTT from MSNs to the cortex and from MSNs to the glia in the brain. We will use live-cell imaging and organotypic brain slices to establish whether Rhes transportation of mHTT involves TNT-like protrusions ex vivo. These

results will uncover novel mechanisms and the role of Rhes-mediated mHTT spread in the brain. Aim 2. To identify the mechanisms of SUMO1-mediated HD pathogenesis. We found that SUMO1 depletion upregulates autophagy, decreases mHTT levels, and prevents HD-like deficits in Q175DN mice. We showed that SUMO1 and mHTT enhance striatal mTORC1 signaling, a known inhibitor of autophagy. Thus, we

hypothesize that SUMO1–mHTT inhibits autophagy, thereby allowing accumulation and spread of mHTT from the striatum to the cortex. We will first characterize the SUMO1 role in autophagy flux in cultured cells and HD animals using autophagy reporters. We will then use Cre-On mHTT reporters and WT;Rgs9Cre and SUMO1-

KO;Rgs9Cre mice and pharmacological mTORC1 inhibition to corroborate a role for SUMO1 and autophagy signaling in mHTT spread from MSNs to the cortex. Finally, using a mass spectrometry approach, we will identify SUMO1-dependent mHTT binding partners to further unravel SUMO/autophagy regulators in the striatum.

Collectively, this study will delineate the mechanisms of the Rhes–SUMO1 pathway in mHTT spread. It will identify the molecular link between autophagy dysregulation and mHTT spread for potential targeting in HD therapy.