Bridging the gap: joint modeling of single-cell 1D and 3D genomics

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Advances in single-cell technologies have enabled three-dimensional (3D) genome structure profiling and simultaneous capture of the transcriptome and epigenome within a cell. Quantitative tools are, however, still unable to fully leverage the unprecedented resolution of single-cell high-throughput chromatin conformation

(scHi-C) data and integrate it with other single-cell modalities. To address this challenge, I propose to (1) Develop a single-cell gene-body associating domain (scGAD) scoring system to explore single-cell 3D genomics data in units of genes. (2) Construct machine learning-based models to impute histone modification and 3D chromatin

interaction for simultaneously profiling of each cell's epigenomic features and 3D chromatin architectures. Subsequently, I will develop an epigenomic regulatory score (ERS) model to infer the cell-type-specific promoter- enhancer regulation programs at the highest single-cell and single-gene resolution. (3) Validate and extend

scGAD and ERS pipeline to CAR-T immunotherapy study to gain insights into the impact of distal gene regulation variations on patient responses. In Aim 1, preliminary analysis on human and mouse brain tissues demonstrated that scGAD extracts gene features agreeing well with the scRNA-seq data from the same system. As a result,

scGAD facilitates the projection of cells from 3D genomics data onto reference panels constructed by scRNA- seq embeddings with known cell-type annotations. Hence, scGAD provides an unprecedentedly accessible and accurate cell type annotation method based on 3D chromatin architectures. Furthermore, the successful

integration of cells from different modalities into the same network facilitates information sharing across 3D chromatin structures, the transcriptome, and the epigenome. Aim 2 leverages such multi-modal networks to build an ERS model. ERS jointly models the histone profiles at the promoter and distal neighborhoods of the target

gene and the 3D spatial proximity between them. Therefore, the ERS scores quantify the regulatory effects of distal elements on a per gene and cell basis. Aim 3 will extend the integration framework in Aim 1 and 2 using scRNA-seq as a multi-modality bridge to CITE-seq data for a deeper annotation, especially for the Peripheral

Blood Mononuclear Cells. This enables the in-depth investigation of the apheresis samples from the Acute Lymphoma Leukemia patients to gain insight into the roles of distal regulatory elements on gene expression and their impact on the CAR-T cell therapy responses. To succeed in achieving these aims, I will pursue additional

training with mentor Dr. Steven Henikoff (epigenomics and gene regulation), co-mentors Dr. Raphael Gottardo (statistics), Dr. Manu Setty (machine learning), Dr. Evan Newell (immunology), and collaborator Dr. Cameron Turtle (CAR-T cell therapy). Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center is an ideal institute for multi-omics single-

cell study with application to immunotherapy, providing cutting-edge research facilities and opportunities for further career development in a rich interdisciplinary environment. A K99/R00 award will be instrumental in addressing these challenges and furnishing me with high-level training to launch my independent scientific career.