Cooperative roles of FHA and ACT in Bordetella virulence

Summary/Abstract Pertussis (aka whooping cough) is re-emerging in developed countries despite high vaccine coverage. Resurgence is due primarily to waning immunity to the causal bacterium Bordetella pertussis (Bp) in adolescents and young adults immunized with acellular (aP) pertussis vaccines. Moreover, while aP vaccination protects

against disease, at least initially, it does not protect against colonization or prevent transmission, which puts infants, who are most vulnerable to serious and sometimes fatal disease, at greater risk. New vaccines that protect against both colonization and disease are needed. Their development requires a better understanding of

the molecular mechanisms underlying Bp virulence. A strictly human-adapted pathogen, Bp is extremely closely related to Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), which infects nearly all mammals. Bp and Bb produce a nearly identical set of virulence factors, some of which, including filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), are functionally

interchangeable. FHA is a critical adhesin, a component of acellular vaccines, and the prototypical member of the Two Partner Secretion (TPS) family. Using Bb and its natural hosts (rats and mice), we showed that in addition to mediating adherence to host cells, FHA plays important roles in controlling the initial inflammatory

response to infection and in mediating defense of the bacteria against clearance by phagocytic cells, which contributes to persistence in the lower respiratory tract (LRT). Our work on the mechanism of secretion and processing of the “precursor” FhaB protein to FHA has led to major advances in the mechanism of two partner

secretion, and we showed that FhaB itself, rather than FHA, is critical for bacterial persistence in the LRT. ACT also contributes to bacterial persistence in the LRT by mediating defense against phagocytic cell clearance. We and others have shown that ACT binds to FhaB/FHA on the bacterial surface. We propose a model in

which ACT, while bound to FhaB on the bacterial surface, binds to CR3 on phagocytic cells, triggering degradation of the C-terminal, periplasmically-located, FhaB prodomain, resulting in efficient delivery of ACT to phagocytic cells and not to epithelial cells. We propose to: 1) Investigate the roles of DegP, CtpA, EnvC and

LbcA in regulated degradation of the FhaB prodomain, 2) Investigate the relationship between ACT binding to CR3, regulated degradation of the FhaB prodomain, and delivery of ACT specifically to phagocytic cells, and 3) Investigate the consequences of dysregulated FhaB prodomain degradation on the establishment and

maintenance of respiratory infection.