Metabolites regulating macrophage function in colorectal cancer

ABSTRACT Most colorectal cancer (CRC) patients do not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies due to poor T cell infiltration and an immune suppressive environment. The pathological characteristics of CRC are unique due to the complex microbiome in the tumor microenvironment. Diverse bacterial species and metabolites in the

tumor can alter the activity and function of infiltrating immune cells, regulating the tumor's immune environment. Therefore, understanding how tumor-enriched metabolites change the immune environment is crucial for developing novel microbiota/metabolite intervention approaches. We observed that macrophages resembling an M2-like phenotype are in a higher proportion in CRC samples

compared to patient-matched normal tissues. Our metabolomic analysis of CRC tissues showed increases in essential amino acids, which strongly correlate with altered macrophage phenotype. Further, monocytes exposed to tumor-enriched metabolites such as tryptophan and phenylalanine increase markers associated with

immunosuppressive macrophages. However, whether microbial-derived metabolites alter macrophage polarization and contribute to immunosuppressive phenotypes, which can influence the immune environment in CRC, remains unknown. We hypothesize that altered enrichment of metabolites in CRC correlates with

immunosuppressive macrophages and that critical tumor-enriched metabolites modulate the macrophage phenotypes. In Aim 1, we will assess the impact of tumor-enriched metabolites on macrophage phenotype. In Aim 2, we will functionally validate key metabolites influencing macrophage polarization in CRC organoid

coculture models. We will use a metabolite screening approach using human primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and CRC patients to assess whether tumor-enriched metabolites can promote immunosuppressive macrophage phenotypes. In addition, we will use human microsatellite stable and

microsatellite instable CRC organoids cocultured with patients matched undifferentiated monocytes and tumor- enriched metabolites to assess shifts in macrophage subtypes. We will identify critical metabolites that can alter macrophage phenotype and function, contributing to a sustained immunosuppressive tumor environment.

Impact. Determining interactions between tumor-enriched metabolites and macrophage phenotype will increase the clinical implications of this study by solidifying the premise that the immune environment can be manipulated by endogenous metabolic regulation.